Arrangement for measuring the losses in condenserlike objects



E LOSSES IN CONDENSERLIKE OBJECTS 4 Sheets-Sheet 1 March 7, 1939. w. GEYGER ARRANGEMENT FOR MEASURING TH Filed Aug. 9, 1957 W. GEYGER March 7, 1939,

ARR ANGEMENT FOR MEASURING THE LOSSES IN CONDENSER Filed Au 9, 1957 4 Shets-Sheet 2 March 7, 1939. w GEYGER 2,149,256

ARRANGEMENT FOR MEASURING THE LOSSES IN GONDENSERLIKE OBJECTS 4 Sheets-Sheet u Filed Aug. 9, 1937 March 7, 1939. w. GEYGER 2,149,256

ARRANGEMENT FOR Mmsuame THE LOSSES m cofiDENsERmKE OBJECTS Filed Aug. 9, 1957 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 m Ag 9 N x Q I a N N a i; 1 m3- Q mhn $1 a L; W

A Patented Mar. 7, 1939 I UNITED" STATES .ABBANG roanmasnnnvc 'rns EMENT LOSSES IN CONDENSEBLIKE OBJECTS .Wilhelm Geygcr, Berlin- Schmargendorf,

Ger-

many, assignor to Siemens & Halske, Aktienge- 'sellseliatt, Siemensstadt, near Berlin Germany,

a corporation of Germany App Ann 1937, Serial No. 158,157

In Germany August 24, 1936 8 Claims.

My invention relatesto an arrangement for measuring the'lossesin condenser-like objects with the aid of a measuring bridge.

It is well known in the art to employ a bridge connection, which contains in one branch the condenser to be measured and in an adjacent branch the standard condenser, for measuring the losss in condenser-like objects, for instance, for testing the insulation of high-voltage cables or any other kind of device involving a dielectric. To this end, the known condenser measuring bridge 0! the Schering type has proved particularly suitable. In the Schering-bridge the other two bridge branches consist of ohmic resiste ances and the balance is effected on the one hand by means of an ohmic resistance and on the other hand by means of a regulable decade condenser parallel-connected to the bridge branch resistance opposite in the bridge connection to the' condenser to be measured.

As is well known the zero balance in complex compensators and bridge connections may be efiected in a simpler, easier and quicker manner, it the balancing means are uniformly variable. However, it is not possible to construct a uniformly variable condenser in which the 'maximum value of the capacity has the magnitude of 3 1,11 corresponding to a loss factor of tg6=0.1 and necessary for the Schering-bridge. 0n the other hand, bridge connections have been proposed for such purposes in which the balance is only effected with the aid of ohmic resistances; however, such connections have not proved satisfactory owing to various other drawbacks. The balance by regulable ohmic resistances is ofparticular importance if the bridge is to be provided with a device for the automatic balance by two separately excited induction-counter measuring mechanisms (so-called zero motors) acting at the same time as phase-responsive zero indicators and reversing motors.

In this case the balancing resistors may be designed in the form of regulable potentiometer already been proposed, the balancing resistor" serving to measure the losses being directly .arranged in the bridge branch including the standard condenser. Howevercthisknown connection can only be employed if the standard condenser free of losses hasahighcapacity,i. e.,acapacityw ottheorderofl l',i'oronlyin thiscaseisit possible to impart a sufliciently great loss angle value to the branch of the standard condenser with the aid of a rheostat of the order of 100 ohms. In practical cases where high voltages are, as a rule, involved, the standard condenserondary winding of a voltage transformer, whose primary winding is connected to the supply voltage. -This arrangement may be satisfactory in some cases; it has, however, the disadvantage in that a precision voltage transformer rated for the full operating voltage is necessary, whose loss angle influences the measurement when determining the losses. Such a transformer assumes large dimensions and is very expensive owing to 'the requirements as to the accuracy of the measurement and owing to the very high voltages up to 500 kv. necessary in this case.

Another bridge connection operating also with ohmic regulating resistancesand in which a slide wire lying in a bridge branch is more or less bridged by a condenser of constant capacity presents the great disadvantage for many purposes in that the recorded values do not vary linearly as is generally required, but according to a quadratic function.

The object of my invention is, therefore, to provide an improved bridge connection in which the balance is efiected with the aid of two regulable ohmic resistors and whereby the drawbacks of the arrangements hitherto employed for measuring the losses in condenser-like objects are avoided. This is accomplished according to the invention by inserting in the circuit of the standard condenser an auxiliary condenser to which one of the balancing resistors is connected through a transformer. The second balancing resistor may be connected to the circuit of the condenser 'to be measured.

My invention is illustrated diagrammatically in the accompanying drawings, in which Figs. 1', 3 and 5 represent circuit diagrams showing bridge connections embodying the invention. i

Fig. 2 represents a vector diagram showing the phase relations between the voltages and the currents, in the circuit Fig. 1.

Fig. represents a vector diagram showing the phase relations between the voltages and currents in the circuit Fig. 3.

Fig. G-represents a vector showing the rents in the circuit Fig. 5.

phase relations between the voltages and cur- Fig. 7 represents a circuit diagram similar to Fig. 3 in which, however, condensers are inserted in all four bridge branches.

Fig. 8 represents a circuit diagram similarto FigCi 3, with an automatic balance by zero motors, an

Fig. 9 represents atically the adaptation of a standard hand-balanced Schering bridge to automatic balancing according to the invention.

Referring first to the embodiment shown in the wiring diagram of Fig. i, it is assumed here that a bridge connection is employed which contains, corresponding to the Schering-bridge, ohmic resistances in two adjacent bridge branches.

To an alternating-current source of the voltage U is connected 9. bridge connection which contains in one of its branches the capacity to be measured, shown here as a condenser C; in a second branch a standard condenser Cu free of losses, in the branch opposite to the first branch an'ohmic resistance Ru and in the branch opposite to the second branch an ohmic resistance Rx. Both branches containing 0;; and BK are traversed when the bridge is balanced by a current J1; and the other two by a current Jar In the branch of Cu is inserted an auxiliary condenser Ca to which is connected through a transformer T a potentiometer resistor R: designed as a slide wire whose effective resistance controlled by a tap contact m is denoted by n. In this case it is assumed that the current flowing in the resistor R2 is brought 90 out of phase by known means (not shown) with respect to the current Jx flowing through the standard condenser Cu. In this case the capacity of the auxiliary condenser CE is preferably given such a high value as compared to the capacity Cu of the standard condenser that the resistance of the auxiliary condenser with the balancing connection connected thereto may be neglected with respect to the capacitive resistance of the standard condenser.

A similar potentiom ter resistor R1 whose effective resistance controlled by the corresponding contact K1 is denoted by miles in the circuit vibration galvanometer N serving as a zero instrument is connected on the one hand to the contact K1 and on the other hand to one terminal of the resistor 12.

In Fig. 2 is shown' the corresponding vector diagram. As will be seen from this figure the current J N leads the supply voltage U by whereas the current Jx leads the voltage only by p=90-6 owing to the loss angle a. The voltage U-=J-RN is in phase with Jn. The voltage U: across the resistor r: is 90 out of phase with respect to the current Jn, that is in phase with U.

Consequently, the voltage Ux=Jx.(Rxl-T1) is composed of the two voltage components Ur: and U2. The current flowing in the resistor T2 is evidently proportional to the current Js so that by omitting the proportional factor, Uz=Jzv.T2. From the voltage triangle shown in Fig. 2 it results that However, since Rx is constant the loss factor ta is proportional to T2 and the displacement of the contact K: corresponds in linear proportion to the magnitude of the loss factor tga.

' However, it is, as a rule, preferable balancing resistors'are connected to the circuit of the standard condenser. Also in this caseboth balancing resistors are preferably designed as that shown in Fig.

l to the current and the loss factor thereof are series-connected in thev diagonalbranch of the bridge. Such shown in Figs. 3 to 9.

Fig. 3 shows-a bridge connection embodying this feature, but arranged otherwise-similar to I 1. In the circuit of the standard condenser Cu traversed by the current Jr: lies an auxiliary condenser Ca to which is connected through a transformer 'I a slide wire R: in'the same manner as in the connection ac- 1, the variable portion of the slide wire being designated by. the reference character embodiments are slide wire R1 whose variable portion is designated by n. The resistors 11 and r; are series-connected to the vibration galvanometer N in the diagonal branch. In this manner the voltage drop caused across the resistor Rx is balanced by two variable U1 andUz 90 out of phase. In this case the voltage U1 is applied across the resistors Rn and 1'1 and the voltage U: across the resistor r2.

Since the slide wire R1 with the parallel resistor R? is series-connected to the resistor Ru, the current J1 flowing in R1 or the part voltage U1 is in phase withthe current Jn. Otherwise the connection with the auxiliary condenser CE is so rated that the current J: flowing in R2 or the part voltage U: is 90 out of phase with respect Ju. Also in this case Cu is preferably so rated that the resistance of the balancin device may be disregarded as compared to the capacitive resistance of the standard condenser Cu. The part voltages U1 and U: maybe destandard voltages U conshj r', const. U.

by the current Jx From the above equations it follows for U1=UK1 Capacity C= C 1 conshr: Loss factor tgd- 1+ Ri/RP and if r1/(1+R1/Rr) is very small as compared to Rx loss factor tg6=o0nst.fz.

It, therefore, follows that the change in capacity AC is linearly recorded by the resistance R1 tgs by the resistance n.

The invention is, however,

- instance, Fig. I shows a connection in which condensers are inserted in all four bridge branches. Otherwise the connection is similar to that shown in Fig. 3. However, in this case the phases are displaced 90 by-the condensers GK and Cu substituted for the ohmic resistances Rx and Rx.

In such an arrangement in the circuit Jr: of

which is inserted a condenser Cu besides the standard condenser Cu, the other two branches may also be formed by the correspondingly subdivided secondary winding of an inductive transformer connected to the supply voltage.

Fig. 8 shows an arrangement according to the invention with automatic balance by zero motors. In this case, it is assumed that a three-phase supply circuit be available to which the bridge connection is connected by means of a single phase high voltage transformer, the secondary voltage U acting as a supply voltage. The bridge connection proper is substantially designed in the form of a sobering-bridge similarly to the arrangement shown in Fig. 3 and also the other part or the connection correspondssubstantially to that shown in Fig. 3. Similar parts are, therefore, also denoted in Fig. 8 by the same reference characters as in Fig. 3. Here is shown in a more exact manner how the voltage U: may

be displaced exactly 90 out of phase with respect t JN.

To'this end, a. condenser CP is connected, for instance, throughthe resistor portion R to the secondary winding of the transformer T and the slide wire R2 is connected through the resistor portion R" to the condenser Cs. However, it is also possible to select any other known connection'. The automatic balance of the bridge for deenergizing the zero branch is effected by two separately excited induction counter measuring mechanisms S1, S1", Z1, Y1 and S2, S2", Z2, Y2 acting at the same time as phase-responsive zero 45 indicators and reversing motors and serving to control the slide contacts K1. m. The voltage windings S1, S2 of the induction counter measuring mechanisms strongly attenuated by the brake magnets Y1, Y2 are separately excited by a rotating field phase regulator Pit connected to the three-phase supply circuit with the aid of currents Js1, Jsz 90 out of phase. The current windings S1, 82' are series-arranged and connected to the zero branch through a tube amplifier V supplied with alternating current so that they are traversed by the output curent Jo proportional to the input voltage Uo. Since in the case of a favorable and rapid phase adjustment of the exciting fields-representing both directional vectorsof these ,measuring mechanisms, an exact relationship exists between the direction of rotation of the armature discs Z1 and Z: and the balancing direction necessary for both to move toward a balance, the slide contacts K1. K2 are always influenced according to the desired balancing adjustment. In this case the corresponding speed of rotation of Z1 and Z2 is proportional to the corresponding departure from the state of balance. The more K1 and K2 approach the balancing position, the slower Z1 and Z2 will rotate; a hunting of the indicating members or recording .pens (not shown) which may be coupled to K1 and K1 and serving to record the magnitude to be measured is, therefore. prevented.

ing'and recordingpurposesistobe extended.

since the sobering-bridge with-balance by hand has proved particularly suitable for loss-measurements onco'ndenser-like objects, it appears desirable ,in most cases to supplement an existing 1 Such an arrangement is shown in Fig. 9, in

which I denotes the so-calledbridge box of a standard Schering-bridge. Thebox is provided with terminals 2 to ID. The terminals 2 and 4.. serve to connect the condenser C; to be measured or the standard condenser On. The terminal 3 is connected with the grounded end of the secondary winding of the high-voltage transformer ll. When employing the bridge inthe usualmanner,

the three-decade vdial rotary type condenser is connected to the terminals 5 and 5. The terminals .1 and 8 serve in this case'to connect a vibration galvanometer. To the terminals 9 and I0 is connected the four-decade rheostat l2.

For the automatic balance an auxiliary box 13 is employed according to the invention which comprises the auxiliary condenser C3, the transformer T, the condenser Cs and the ohmic resistors R, R" and RP. These inner parts are connected to one another according to the connection shown in Fig. 8; The auxiliary box 13 is provided on the one hand with four terminals H to IT which are connected in the manner as shown in Fig. 9 and on the other hand with seven terminals l8 to 24 which serve to connect a four-wire cable 25 and a three-wire cable 26. The cable 25 leads to an instrument 2! for indicating or recording the loss factor and the cable 26 to an instrument 28 for recording or indicating the variations of the capacity Cx.

29, 30 and 33, 34 are connected inside to the volt age windings and the terminals 3|, 32 and 35, 36 to the current windings of the induction counter measuring mechanisms serving as zero motors. The terminals 29, 38, 33, 34 are connected outside according to Fig. 9 to the phase regulator Ph and the terminals 31, 32, 35, 36 to the terminals 3|, 32', 35', 36' of the amplifier V. The latter is furthermore provided with two terminals 31, 38

for connecting it to the supply circuit 35, and with two terminals 40, 4| which are connected to the terminals 8 and I5. Otherwise the connecand connected to the terminals 5, 6. If, for instance, the resistor-.44 is also ohosen=3l8 ohms,

- m the measuring rangefor AC and too is extended box 42 may be connected to the terminals 5, 6 provided in the case of the standard Scheringbridge for the connection of the regulable condenser. In this manner the ohmic resistor 44 is parallel connected to the resistor R1: (Fig. 8) NOD/1:318 ohms arranged in the bridge box from 0 3% to 0 6%. By the selection of correspondingly'rated values of the parallel resistance the measuring range may be still increased. However, it is also possible to reduce the measuring range by inserting between the balancing connection and the resistance Rn a suitably rated resistance as a series-resistance. To this end, a plate 46 is provided as shown in Fig. 9 after the removal of which a small box 43 containing a resistor 45 may be connected to the terminals |6 I1. If, for instance, also the resist ance ofthe resistor 45 is taken as 318 ohms a measuring range of 0 1.5%- is attained.

With the above-described arrangement the following procedure is preferably adopted. At the beginning of the test the bridge is so balanced as regards the ratio Cx/CN by correspondingly adjusting the resistor R1; arranged in the box [2 so that the slide contact Kr with the zero branch (Uo=0) deenergized (see Fig. the point of reference 00 of the slide wire R1; the point of reference 0e may be selected at will. In this case, the sliding contact K: assumes automatically an angular position correspondingto the resistor 1': which position corresponds to the loss factor tgo of the object C1; to be tested. The tap point 06 represents the zero point for the too measurement. If now, for instance, in the case of a continuous load or of an increase in the operating voltageU, a variation of Cx or of tgt occurs, both zero motors always adjust the slide contacts controlled by such a manner that the zero branch remains deenergized. The pointers or recording pens,cou pled with the slide contacts automatically record the variation of the capacity AC and of the loss factor tgt of the object to be measured in accordance with the switching-in period or with the operating voltage applied to the object to be measured,in which case the arrangement may be so designed that the time required by the recording pens to come to rest amounts only to 1 to 2 seconds. Owing to this high adjusting speed also instantaneous or sudden variations of C: and tge are accurately recorded.

If an indication or recording of AC is not necessary the corresponding balancing device must be nevertheless provided, only the indicating or recording device being omitted. Similarly the indicating or recording device coupled with the balancing resistance for tgli could be omitted, in case only an indication or recording of AC should be desired.

I claim as my invention: 7

1. In an arrangement for measuring the losses in condenser-like'objects, an alternating-current source, a. bridge connection connected to said source including in one bridge branch the condenser to be measured and in an adjacent bridge branch a standard condenser and an auxiliary condenser connected in series with said standard condenser and a transformer whose primary winding is connected to said auxiliary condenser and a balancing resistor connected to the secondary winding of said transformer, asecond m- 8) adjusts itself to the zero motors in v 2,149,256 To this end, an ohmic resistor 44 contained in ancing resistor inserted in the bridge branch including the condenser to be measured and a measuring device for balancing the bridge connection insertedbetween the tap off contacts of said two balancing resistors.

2. In an arrangement for measuring the losses in condenser-like objects, an alternating current source, a bridge connection connected to said source including in one bridge branch the con denser to be-measured and in an adjacent bridge -branch a standard condenser and an auxiliary condenser connected in series with said standard condenser and a transformer whose primary winding is connected to said auxiliary condenser and a balancing resistor connected to the secondary winding of said transformer, a second balancing resistor connected to the circuit including said standard condenser and a measuring device for balancing the bridge connection being seriesconnected in the diagonal branch of the bridge connection to the variable parts of said two balancing resistors.

3. In an arrangement for measuring the losses in condenser-like objects, an alternating-current source, a bridge connection connected to said source including in one bridge branch the con-'- denser to be measured branch a standard condenser and'an auxiliary condenser connected in series with said standard condenser and a transformer whose primary winding is connected to said auxiliary condenser and a balancing resistor ary winding of said transformer, a second balancing resistor inserted in the bridge branch including the condenser to be measured, means for displacing the current flowing in said first balancing resistor out of phase with respect to the current flowing in said standard condenser and a measuring device for balancing the bridge connection inserted between the tap of! contacts of said two balancing resistors.

4. In an arrangement for measuring the losses in condenser-like objects, an alternating-current source, a bridge connection connected to said source including in one bridge branch the condenser to be measured and in an adjacent bridge branch a standard condenser and an auxiliary condenser connected in series with said standard condenser and a transformer whose primary winding is connected to said auxiliary condenser and a balancing resistor connected to the secondary winding of said transformer, an ohmic resistor inserted in the circuit including said standard condenser, a second balancing resistor connected to said ohmic resistor and a measurin device for balancing the bridge connection being series-connected in the diagonal branch of the bridge connection to the variable parts of said two balancing resistors.

5. In an arrangement for measuring the losses in condenser-like objects, an alternating-current source, a bridge connection connected to said source including in .one bridge branch the condenser to be measured and in an adjacent bridge branch a standard condenser and an auxiliary condenser connected in series with said standard condenser and a transformer whose primary winding is connected to said auxiliary condenser and a balancing resistor connected to the secondary winding of said transformer, a second balancing resistor connected to the circuit including said standard condenser, means for shifting the current flowing in said balancing resistor 90 out of phase with respect to the current flowing in said standard condenser, two induction countel and in an adjacent bridge connected to the secondmeasuring mechanisms, each of the movable members of which being coupled to one tap ofl contact of said two balancing resistors, a phase shifter connected to said alternating-current 5 source for'feeding the exciting windings of said induction counter measuring mechanisms with two currents 90 out of phase and an amplifier whose input circuit is-connected to the diagonal branch of the bridge connection and whoseoutput circuit serves to feed the armature windings of said two induction counter measuring mecha- 6. In an arrangement for measuring the losses in condenser-like objects an alternating-current source, an amplifying device, a commercial condenser measuring bridge of the Scherlng type connected to said alternating-cu rent source, a standard condenser, two induction counter measuring mechanisms whose armature windings are series-connected to the input terminals of said amplifying device, two potentiometerresistors whose tap off contacts are coupled with the movable member of each of said induction counter measuring mechanisms, a phase shifter connected .to said alternating-current source for feeding the exciting windings of said induction counter measuring mechanisms with two currents 90 out of phase, an auxiliary arrangement comprising an auxiliary condenser, a transformer whose primary winding is connected to said auxiliary'condenser, phaseshifting means connected to the secondary winding of said transformer, an ohmic resistor series-connected to the parallel-connection of said auxiliary condenser and the primary winding of said transformer, means for inserting said auxiliary transformer, the primary winding of said transformer, and said ohmic resistor in the circuit of said condenser measuring bridge including said standard condenser, means for connecti 40 the input circuit of said amplifier to the diagonal to the diagonal points of the bridge connection.

7. In an arrangement for measuring the losses in condenser-like objects, an alternating-current source a bridge connection connected to said source including in one bridge branch the con-'' denser to be measured and in an adjacent bridge 5 branch a standard condenser and an auxiliary condenser connected in series with 'saidstandard condenser and a transformer whose primary winding is connected to said auxiliary condenser,

and in thebridge branch lying opposite to the 10 condenser to be measured an. ohmic resistor, a potentiometer resistor connected to the secondary winding of said transformer, a second potentiometer resistor connected to the circuit including said standard condenser, a shunt resistor for ex- 16 tending the measuring range, means for connecting said shunt resistor to said ohmic resistor lying opposite to the condenser to be measured and a measuring device for balancing the bridge connection-being series-connected in the diagonal i0 branch of the bridge connection to the variable parts of said two balancing resistors.

8. In an arrangement for measuring the losses in condenser-like objects, analternating-current source, a bridge connection connected to said 25 source includingin one bridge branch the condenser to be measured and in an adjacent bridge branch a standard condenser and an auxiliary condenser connected in series with said standard condenser and a transformer whose primary winding is connected to said auxiliary condenser and in the bridge branch lying opposite to the condenser to be measured an ohmic resistor, a poteniometer resistor connected to the secondary winding of said transformer, a second potentiom- "eter resistor connected to the circuit including said standard-condenser, a series resistor for reducing the measuring range, means for inserting said series resistor in'thebridge branch opposite to the condenser to be measured and a measuring 40 device for balancing the bridge connection being series-connected in the diagonal branch of the bridge connection to the variable parts'of said two balancing resistors. i

WILHEIMGEYGER- 45 

